全文获取类型
收费全文 | 16812篇 |
免费 | 835篇 |
国内免费 | 237篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 11274篇 |
晶体学 | 247篇 |
力学 | 540篇 |
综合类 | 27篇 |
数学 | 1406篇 |
物理学 | 4390篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 205篇 |
2022年 | 330篇 |
2021年 | 476篇 |
2020年 | 533篇 |
2019年 | 586篇 |
2018年 | 557篇 |
2017年 | 536篇 |
2016年 | 756篇 |
2015年 | 541篇 |
2014年 | 851篇 |
2013年 | 1390篇 |
2012年 | 1279篇 |
2011年 | 1303篇 |
2010年 | 873篇 |
2009年 | 719篇 |
2008年 | 860篇 |
2007年 | 843篇 |
2006年 | 655篇 |
2005年 | 590篇 |
2004年 | 449篇 |
2003年 | 391篇 |
2002年 | 330篇 |
2001年 | 199篇 |
2000年 | 161篇 |
1999年 | 135篇 |
1998年 | 97篇 |
1997年 | 117篇 |
1996年 | 111篇 |
1995年 | 103篇 |
1994年 | 90篇 |
1993年 | 114篇 |
1992年 | 131篇 |
1991年 | 95篇 |
1990年 | 89篇 |
1989年 | 98篇 |
1988年 | 66篇 |
1987年 | 66篇 |
1986年 | 64篇 |
1985年 | 91篇 |
1984年 | 88篇 |
1983年 | 75篇 |
1982年 | 59篇 |
1981年 | 50篇 |
1980年 | 56篇 |
1979年 | 79篇 |
1978年 | 59篇 |
1977年 | 65篇 |
1976年 | 58篇 |
1975年 | 47篇 |
1973年 | 46篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 281 毫秒
991.
In spite of large spin coherence length in graphene due to small spin–orbit coupling, the created potential barrier and antiferromagnetic coupling at graphene/transition metal (TM) contacts strongly reduce the spin transport behavior in graphene. Keeping these critical issues in mind in the present work, ferromagnetic (Co, Ni) nanosheets are grown on graphene surface to elucidate the nature of interaction at the graphene/ferromagnetic interface to improve the spin transistor characteristics. Temperature dependent magnetoconductance shows unusual behavior exhibiting giant enhancement in magnetoconductance with increasing temperature. A model based on spin–orbit coupling operated at the graphene/TM interface is proposed to explain this anomalous result. We believe that the device performance can be improved remarkably tuning the spin–orbit coupling at the interface of graphene based spin transistor. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
992.
Betha?Saineelima?B.?Kasibabu Stephanie?L.?D’souza Sanjay?Jha Suresh?Kumar?KailasaEmail author 《Journal of fluorescence》2015,25(4):803-810
In this paper, we have described a simple hydrothermal method for preparation of fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) using Carica papaya juice as a precursor. The synthesized C-dots show emission peak at 461 nm with a quantum yield of 7.0 %. The biocompatible nature of C-dots was confirmed by a cytotoxicity assay on E. coli. The C-dots were used as fluorescent probes for imaging of bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) and fungal (Aspergillus aculeatus) cells and emitted green and red colors under different excitation wavelengths, which indicates that the C-dots can be used as a promising material for cell imaging. 相似文献
993.
Amit S. Nagare Arpan Manna Pramod D. Sonawane Anil Kumar 《Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry》2015,28(11):665-673
Prevailing classification of salts based on their effect in solubility and stability of proteins in aqueous solution predicts that tetraalkylammonium salts, guanidinium chloride (GnCl), LiClO4 act as salting‐in (S/I) and LiCl, NaCl act as salting‐out (S/O) in aqueous conditions. In the same context the behaviour of GnCl, LiClO4 and LiCl are contradictory in polar solvents like ethylene glycol and formamide. In these solvents, expected salt effect shows just opposite nature from their usual expectation. However, in the aqueous solution salts like tetraalkylammonium halide (R4NX, R = alkyl group, X = Br group) behave like salting‐in salts. The physicochemical origin of the salting in effect of R4NX type of salts has been discussed elaborately in the present work. The role of cations in terms of substitution of various alkyl groups on R4NX has been systematically presented here on the basis of experimental kinetic and thermodynamic studies. The abnormal behaviour of R4NX salts in aqueous solution has also been explained by the Setschenov equation (ks) and Δμsolvation values, which highlights their individual nature out of common properties of R4NX. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
994.
995.
Baishali Chakraborty Kumar S. Gupta Siddhartha Sen 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2015,88(6):155
We analyze the screening of an external Coulomb charge in gapless graphene cone, which is taken as a prototype of a topological defect. In the subcritical regime, the induced charge is calculated using both the Green’s function and the Friedel sum rule. The dependence of the polarization charge on the Coulomb strength obtained from the Green’s function clearly shows the effect of the conical defect and indicates that the critical charge itself depends on the sample topology. Similar analysis using the Friedel sum rule indicates that the two results agree for low values of the Coulomb charge but differ for the higher strengths, especially in the presence of the conical defect. For a given subcritical charge, the transport cross-section has a higher value in the presence of the conical defect. In the supercritical regime we show that the coefficient of the power law tail of polarization charge density can be expressed as a summation of functions which vary log periodically with the distance from the Coulomb impurity. The period of variation depends on the conical defect. In the presence of the conical defect, the Fano resonances begin to appear in the transport cross-section for a lower value of the Coulomb charge. For both sub and supercritical regime we derive the dependence of LDOS on the conical defect. The effects of generalized boundary condition on the physical observables are also discussed. 相似文献
996.
997.
采用锌-柠檬酸氢二铵溶液还原体系,以偶氮苯为原料合成出氢化偶氮苯.合成反应的最佳反应条件:当偶氮苯用量是0.625 mmol时,偶氮苯与锌的物质的量之比为1:5,0.2 g/mL柠檬酸氢二铵溶液用量5.0 mL,室温,时间约3 min,平均收率90.63%. 相似文献
998.
Gold Decorated Graphene by Laser Ablation for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol and Ethanol 下载免费PDF全文
V. Lakshman Kumar R. S. Sai Siddhardha Adarsh Kaniyoor Ramakrishna Podila Muralikrishna Molli Sai Muthu Kumar V K. Venkataramaniah S. Ramaprabhu A. M. Rao Sai Sathish Ramamurthy 《Electroanalysis》2014,26(8):1850-1857
A well‐known limitation in the fabrication of metal‐graphene composite has been the use of surfactants that strongly adsorb on the surface and reduce the performance of the catalyst. We demonstrate here a novel one‐pot synthesis of gold nanoparticles by laser ablation of gold strip and in‐situ decoration on graphene substrate. Not only the impregnation of nanoparticles was linker free, but also the synthesis by itself was surfactant‐free. The composite materials were well characterized morphologically and functionally using electron microscopy, X‐ray and electron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Zeta potential, electrochemical measurements and UV‐Visible spectroscopic techniques. This linker‐free gold‐graphene based composite has been employed for catalytic applications pertaining to electrooxidation. We have explored the use of this composite as a binder‐free electrode in electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol and ethanol in alkaline medium. Additionally, the onset potential for ethanol oxidation was found to be more negative, ?100 mV, an indication of its promising application in direct ethanol fuel cells. 相似文献
999.
Yu He Sen Liao Zhipeng Chen Yu Li Yao Xia Wenwei Wu Bin Li 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2014,115(1):237-245
The precursor of LiNiPO4 was synthesized by solid-state reaction at low-heating temperature using LiOH·H2O and NH4NiPO4·H2O as raw materials. LiNiPO4 was obtained by calcining the precursor. Based on the advanced isoconversional procedure and the distributed activation energy model (DAEM), the activation energies calculated indicated that the thermal process involved two stages which stage II was a kinetically complex process, but stage I was single-step process. The most probable mechanism for the stage I is random nucleation and subsequent growth. DAEM and nonlinear model-fitting method were applied to study the stage II of decomposition process of the precursor. The distributions of activation energy, f(E a) and values of preexponential factor A of the stage II of the thermal decomposition of precursor were obtained on the basis of DAEM. The results of nonlinear model-fitting method showed the most probable mechanisms of the parallel reactions for stage II are chemical reaction and nucleation. 相似文献
1000.
Seema Agrawal Anudeep Kumar Narula 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2014,115(2):1693-1703
The curing behaviour of 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate was investigated by the dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using phosphorus-containing poly(amide–imide)s (PAIs) having free amine groups, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (PM) and p-phenylenediamine (PA), in the ratio of 1:1. The PAIs were prepared by co-polymerization of diimide–diacid (DIDA) and phosphorus-containing triamines having phenylene moiety. l-Tryptophan and pyromellitic anhydride were used to synthesize DIDA. Triamines used in the synthesis PAIs were tris(3-aminophenyl) phosphine (TAP), tris(3-aminophenyl) phosphine oxide (TAPO) and bis(3-aminophenyl) aminotolyl phosphine (BAP). TAP-, TAPO- and BAP-containing PAIs were designated as PTAP, PTAPO and PBAP, respectively. These PAIs with free amine groups were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The mixture of PAIs and PM or/and PA in the ratios of 0:1, 1:0 and 0.5:0.5 was used for investigation. DSC was used to study the curing of epoxy by recording the DSC scans at heating rates of 10 °C min?1. Thermal stability of epoxy resin cured isothermally was evaluated by recording thermo gravimetric traces in nitrogen atmosphere at the heating rate of 20 °C min?1. All samples are highly stable, and the 10 % mass loss found was in the range of 335–520 °C. The percent char yield was highest in case of resin sample E/PM/PTAPO. The flame-retardant properties of cured epoxy resins were investigated by the limiting oxygen index test (LOI) and UL94 test. When phosphorus was incorporated in epoxy resin, the epoxy resin system met the UL94 V-0 classification and the LOI reached at 37.8, because of nitrogen–phosphorus synergistic effect. 相似文献